Working in the cold: how temperature affects workplace safety

How does cold affect human performance at work?

Exposure to low temperatures has several physiological effects that can influence the execution of work tasks:

• Reduced manual dexterity: cold reduces blood circulation to the hands and fingers, which decreases fine motor skills.
• Slower muscle reactions: muscles function less efficiently when body temperature drops.
• Reduced concentration: prolonged exposure to cold can distract workers from their tasks.
• Increased risk of local cooling: depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, cold-related injuries may occur.

Several factors accelerate heat loss in cold environments

Wind, rain and snow accelerate heat loss. This occurs due to:

• Convection: wind removes body heat more quickly, causing the body to cool down faster.
• Evaporation: moisture (rain or sweat) cools faster than dry materials, increasing heat loss.
• Contact with wet surfaces: wet clothing loses its insulating properties.

As a result, not only temperature plays a role, but also weather conditions and humidity.

Which standards define protection against cold and precipitation?

In Europe, several standards determine the level of protection clothing provides against rain, wind and cold. These guidelines are relevant for various sectors, ranging from construction and logistics to the food industry, pharma, cleanrooms, cold storage facilities and distribution centres.

EN 343 – Protection against rain and bad weather

EN 343 defines the technical requirements for clothing that protects against rain, snow, humid air and condensation.

The standard assesses, among other things:

• waterproofness
• breathability
• resistance to water penetration under pressure

This standard is particularly relevant for employees working outdoors, such as in construction, infrastructure, logistics and maintenance, but also for workers who frequently encounter wet materials or damp environments.

EN 14058 – Protection against moderate cold

EN 14058 focuses on situations where temperatures can drop to just above –5 °C.

It evaluates:

• thermal insulation
• air permeability
• optional protection against wind and water

This standard applies to moderately cold conditions, such as:

• outdoor work during autumn and winter
• warehouses and distribution centres
• cooled production environments in food processing
• pharmaceutical environments with controlled temperatures
• cold storage areas where workers frequently enter cold zones for short periods

For prolonged exposure to extreme cold (such as freezer environments), stricter solutions and specialised insulated clothing are required.

What role does layering play in protection against cold temperatures?

The effectiveness of winter workwear depends on the construction of multiple layers.

The three most commonly used principles are:

• Base layer: wicks moisture away to reduce cooling caused by evaporation.
• Insulation layer: traps still air, helping retain body heat.
• Outer layer: protects against wind and precipitation.

The performance of clothing depends on material selection, thickness, fit and the interaction between these layers.

Which materials are used for protection?

Material selection depends on the sector, the physical workload and the level of cold or moisture exposure. Commonly used materials include:

• Polyester/cotton and cotton/polyester: durable blends that vary in strength, moisture management and wearing comfort.
• Inherent materials: protective properties are built into the fibre itself, for example in garments used in cleanroom or antistatic environments.
• Synthetic insulation materials (such as quilted linings): designed to retain warmth while remaining lightweight.

The following examples illustrate how materials are applied in different sectors:

Industry & workwear

• Durable polyester/cotton blends for abrasion resistance
• Wind- and water-repellent outer layers (softshell, ripstop polyester)
• Quilted linings or fleece for additional insulation

Food processing & cold environments

• Polyester outer layers with moisture-repellent finishes
• Insulating linings for controlled temperature zones
• Materials with low moisture absorption to limit heat loss

Pharma, cleanroom & controlled environments

• Inherent materials with antistatic (ESD) properties
• Lightweight, breathable outer layers that reduce temperature fluctuations
• Fabrics that do not shed fibres and are suitable for hygienic environments

Logistics & distribution centres

• Softshell fabrics and quilted jackets for changing temperatures
• Durable polyester-cotton blends for intensive use
• Materials that retain heat while allowing sufficient freedom of movement

Field service, construction & maintenance

• Waterproof and windproof membranes compliant with EN 343
• Breathable softshell materials for active work
• Durable outer fabrics such as ripstop or Oxford polyester

Why is fit relevant in winter workwear?

Fit influences both insulation and freedom of movement:

• Clothing that is too tight reduces the air layer required for insulation.
• Clothing that is too loose may snag or reduce the effectiveness of insulating layers.
• Correct sleeve and trouser length prevents openings through which cold air can enter.

A proper fit helps maintain a stable body temperature.

When is additional protection necessary?

Besides clothing, several other factors influence safe working in cold conditions:

• duration of exposure
• availability of warming breaks
• wind intensity
• moisture exposure
• use of gloves, socks, head protection and neck protection

The overall safety assessment depends on a combination of these measures.

Conclusion

Cold temperatures have a measurable impact on work performance and safety. Protection against precipitation (EN 343) and moderate cold (EN 14058) forms an essential part of winter work equipment. By paying attention to layering, material selection and proper fit, the risk of cooling can be limited, helping workers perform their tasks safely in cold conditions.